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'何谓金属玻璃？'

'681'

''

'好莱坞电影《终结者》中具有变换莫测的不死之身的未来战士给观众留下了深刻的印象，见图1。他们无坚不摧，而且破碎后能够像液体一样自然流动然后自动修复成原来的样子。科幻电影中的神奇现象在现实生活中有他对应的'

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'2019-08-05 09:21:23'

'2019-08-05 09:21:23'

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NULL

''

'<img alt="" src="https://img.ruilang.cn/psmplasma.com/uploadfile/201908/31591b6156297af.jpg" style="width: 278px; height: 208px;" /><br />
好莱坞电影《终结者》中具有变换莫测的不死之身的未来战士给观众留下了深刻的印象，见图1。他们无坚不摧，而且破碎后能够像液体一样自然流动然后自动修复成原来的样子。科幻电影中的神奇现象在现实生活中有他对应的材料。 这就是金属玻璃（metallic glass），也称为液态金属（liquid metal）或 非晶态合金（amorphous alloy）。那什么是金属玻璃？这类材料又有什么样的优异性能呢？<br />
&nbsp;<br />
金属玻璃透明吗？一般金属玻璃是不透明的（块体、普通条带），但是当厚度降到纳米级别后就变得透明了。是否透明（透射可见光）是由材料的电子结构决定的，很多晶态的绝缘体（如NaCl,氧化物、聚合物）也都是透明的。所以透明不是玻璃的本质；原子无序排列是玻璃的本质。<br />
金属玻璃是金属吗？大部分金属玻璃体系都是由100%金属组成的合金，比如Fe，Co，Cu，Zr，Al， Ni，Mg，Zn，Ca，Yb，Ce等。但是也有好多体系包含非金属（或类金属）元素，比如Si，C，P，B等，含量可能达到20 at.%以上。但是金属玻璃都是导电的，电阻率比普通金属高1~2个数量级，具体和成分和制备条件相关。但是与普通金属的区别是金属玻璃拥有无序的原子堆积结构，这和普通金属中的原子晶格结构完全不同。这个可以通过高分辨透射电子显微镜观察到，如图二。<br />
<img alt="" src="https://img.ruilang.cn/psmplasma.com/uploadfile/201908/9d8340c46181a0b.jpg" style="width: 278px; height: 208px;" /><br />
这种无序的原子结构决定了金属玻璃拥有很多晶态金属无法企及的优越性质，比如高强度、高弹性、高硬度、耐腐蚀、耐摩擦等等。那么金属玻璃的强度有多高呢？金属玻璃家族的屈服强度分布于从0.5GPa到6GPa的范围，而已知的铁基或钴基金属玻璃强度一般为3~6GPa。 这个数字是什么概念呢？ 假如拿一个重约1.5吨的小汽车来说，如果用普通钢材支撑它，大概需要7~10根直径2毫米的钢筋，而改用铁基金属玻璃我们只需要1根就够了（如图三所示）。<br />
<img alt="" src="https://img.ruilang.cn/psmplasma.com/uploadfile/201908/2832e20a753aa4e.jpg" style="width: 278px; height: 208px;" /><br />
那为什么“未来战士”具有自修复功能呢？ 一般来说，物质有三种状态：固态、液态、气态。 &nbsp; 固态物质形状比较稳定，而液态和气态可以自修复，正所谓“抽刀断水水更流”。 &nbsp;加热可以从固态转化到液态，对于一般晶态金属来说，这个转化过程称为熔化；而玻璃作为固体的一种，加热也可以转化为液态，但是这个过程称为玻璃化转变。对于同一物质的玻璃态和晶态来说（比如硅），其玻璃转变温度大约是熔化温度的0.5~0.6倍（如图四所示）。因此，和晶态相比，玻璃态更容易转化成液态从而发生自愈合。<br />
<img alt="" src="https://img.ruilang.cn/psmplasma.com/uploadfile/201908/0fd0e07ee934cda.jpg" style="width: 278px; height: 208px;" /><br />
除了这两方面性质，金属玻璃还有很多优异的性能，比如优异的软磁性能，抗腐蚀能力，高弹性等等。虽然越来越多的表观性质被大家所认识，但是仍然有很多性质还没有得到开发利用。与这些性能相关的很多基本物理问题依然不清楚。需要继续深入研究。'

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'好莱坞电影《终结者》中具有变换莫测的不死之身的未来战士给观众留下了深刻的印象，见图1。他们无坚不摧，而且破碎后能够像液体一样自然流动然后自动修复成原来的样子。科幻电影中的神奇现象在现实生活中有他对应的'

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